组织依靠机器学习工程师（MLE）来操作ML，即部署和维护生产中的ML管道。操作ML或MLOP的过程包括（i）数据收集和标记的连续循环，（ii）实验以改善ML性能，（iii）在多阶段部署过程中评估，以及（iv）监视（iv）性能下降。当一起考虑这些责任似乎令人震惊 - 任何人如何进行MLOP，没有解决的挑战，对工具制造商有什么影响？我们对在包括聊天机器人，自动驾驶汽车和金融在内的许多应用程序中工作的18个MLE进行了半结构化的民族志访谈。我们的访谈暴露了三个变量，这些变量控制了生产ML部署的成功：速度，验证和版本。我们总结了成功实验，部署和维持生产绩效的共同实践。最后，我们讨论了受访者的痛点和反图案，对工具设计产生了影响。
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单细胞RNA-seq数据集的大小和复杂性正在增长，从而可以研究各种生物/临床环境中的细胞组成变化。可扩展的降低性降低技术需要消除它们的生物学变异，同时考虑技术和生物混杂因素。在这项工作中，我们扩展了一种流行的概率非线性维度降低的方法，即高斯过程潜在变量模型，以扩展到大量的单细胞数据集，同时明确考虑技术和生物混杂因素。关键思想是使用增强的内核，该内核可以保留下限的可分式性，从而允许快速随机变化推断。我们证明了其在Kumasaka等人中重建先天免疫的潜在潜在签名的能力。 （2021）训练时间较低9倍。我们进一步分析了一个共同数据集并在130个人群中证明了该框架，该框架可以在捕获可解释的感染签名的同时进行数据集成。具体而言，我们探讨了互联的严重程度，作为优化患者分层并捕获疾病特异性基因表达的潜在维度。
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反向工程从其他表示形式进行的CAD形状是许多下游应用程序的重要几何处理步骤。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一种新型的神经网络体系结构，以解决这项具有挑战性的任务，并使用可编辑，受约束的棱镜CAD模型近似平滑的签名距离函数。在训练过程中，我们的方法通过将形状分解为一系列2D轮廓图像和1D包膜函数来重建体素空间中的输入几何形状。然后可以以不同的方式重新组合这些，以允许定义几何损失函数。在推断期间，我们通过首先搜索2D约束草图的数据库来获取CAD数据，以找到近似配置文件图像的曲线，然后将它们挤出并使用布尔操作来构建最终的CAD模型。我们的方法比其他方法更接近目标形状，并输出与现有CAD软件兼容的高度可编辑的约束参数草图。
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物理产品通常是复杂的组件，组合计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件中建模的多个3D零件。CAD Designers通过使用称为关节的约束对齐各个部件来构建这些程序集。在本文中，我们介绍了可连接，一种基于学习的方法，可以将部件组合在一起以形成关节。可加入使用标准参数CAD文件中提供的弱监管，而无需对象类标签或人类指导。我们的研究结果表明，通过对实体模型的图表表示进行网络预测，我们可以优于多种基线方法，精度（79.53％）接近人类性能（80％）。最后，为了支持未来的研究，我们释放了Fusion 360 Gallery集合数据集，其中包含了具有关于关节，接触表面，孔和底层装配图结构的丰富信息的程序集。
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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Attention mechanisms form a core component of several successful deep learning architectures, and are based on one key idea: ''The output depends only on a small (but unknown) segment of the input.'' In several practical applications like image captioning and language translation, this is mostly true. In trained models with an attention mechanism, the outputs of an intermediate module that encodes the segment of input responsible for the output is often used as a way to peek into the `reasoning` of the network. We make such a notion more precise for a variant of the classification problem that we term selective dependence classification (SDC) when used with attention model architectures. Under such a setting, we demonstrate various error modes where an attention model can be accurate but fail to be interpretable, and show that such models do occur as a result of training. We illustrate various situations that can accentuate and mitigate this behaviour. Finally, we use our objective definition of interpretability for SDC tasks to evaluate a few attention model learning algorithms designed to encourage sparsity and demonstrate that these algorithms help improve interpretability.
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Recent advances in deep learning have enabled us to address the curse of dimensionality (COD) by solving problems in higher dimensions. A subset of such approaches of addressing the COD has led us to solving high-dimensional PDEs. This has resulted in opening doors to solving a variety of real-world problems ranging from mathematical finance to stochastic control for industrial applications. Although feasible, these deep learning methods are still constrained by training time and memory. Tackling these shortcomings, Tensor Neural Networks (TNN) demonstrate that they can provide significant parameter savings while attaining the same accuracy as compared to the classical Dense Neural Network (DNN). In addition, we also show how TNN can be trained faster than DNN for the same accuracy. Besides TNN, we also introduce Tensor Network Initializer (TNN Init), a weight initialization scheme that leads to faster convergence with smaller variance for an equivalent parameter count as compared to a DNN. We benchmark TNN and TNN Init by applying them to solve the parabolic PDE associated with the Heston model, which is widely used in financial pricing theory.
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Artificial neural networks can learn complex, salient data features to achieve a given task. On the opposite end of the spectrum, mathematically grounded methods such as topological data analysis allow users to design analysis pipelines fully aware of data constraints and symmetries. We introduce a class of persistence-based neural network layers. Persistence-based layers allow the users to easily inject knowledge about symmetries (equivariance) respected by the data, are equipped with learnable weights, and can be composed with state-of-the-art neural architectures.
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KL-regularized reinforcement learning from expert demonstrations has proved successful in improving the sample efficiency of deep reinforcement learning algorithms, allowing them to be applied to challenging physical real-world tasks. However, we show that KL-regularized reinforcement learning with behavioral reference policies derived from expert demonstrations can suffer from pathological training dynamics that can lead to slow, unstable, and suboptimal online learning. We show empirically that the pathology occurs for commonly chosen behavioral policy classes and demonstrate its impact on sample efficiency and online policy performance. Finally, we show that the pathology can be remedied by non-parametric behavioral reference policies and that this allows KL-regularized reinforcement learning to significantly outperform state-of-the-art approaches on a variety of challenging locomotion and dexterous hand manipulation tasks.
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Three main points: 1. Data Science (DS) will be increasingly important to heliophysics; 2. Methods of heliophysics science discovery will continually evolve, requiring the use of learning technologies [e.g., machine learning (ML)] that are applied rigorously and that are capable of supporting discovery; and 3. To grow with the pace of data, technology, and workforce changes, heliophysics requires a new approach to the representation of knowledge.
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